Personality Traits 

Writ by Jesse Lee

Personality traits are enduring patterns of thought feeling and behavior that define an individual's unique characteristics.  There are many different models of personality, but one of the most widely used is the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which identifies five broad dimensions of personality:  openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness  neuroticism. Research has shown that these personality traits are associated with specific anatomical regions of the brain. However, it is important to note that the brain is a complex organ and personality is influenced by many factors beyond just brain structure. Here are some of the key associations between personality traits and brain anatomy: 1. Openness: This trait refers to a person's willingness to experience new things and ideas. Studies have found that openness is associated with increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). These regions are involved in: abstract thinking  cognitive flexibility  decision-making 2. Conscientiousness: This trait refers to a person's level of: organization responsibility  self-discipline.  Research has shown that conscientiousness is associated with increased gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These regions are involved in:  attentional control working memory  planning 3. Extraversion: This trait refers to a person's level of: assertiveness positive emotionality  sociability Studies have found that extraversion is associated with increased activity in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, which are part of the brain's reward system. Extraverts may be more sensitive to rewards and seek out social interactions as a way to increase positive affect. 4. Agreeableness: This trait refers to a person's level of: empathy cooperation kindness Research has shown that agreeableness is associated with increased gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). These regions are involved in: emotion regulation moral decision-making social cognition 5. Neuroticism: This trait refers to a person's level of emotional instability and tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety and depression. Studies have found that neuroticism is associated with increased activity in the amygdala and decreased gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex. These regions are involved in: emotion regulation   cognitive control. Personality Traits Can Influence perception On the other hand, individuals who score high on measures of neuroticism tend to be more sensitive to negative emotions and are more likely to perceive threats in their environment. Another way in which personality traits can influence perception is through cognitive biases. Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that can lead individuals to perceive information in a particular way. For example, individuals who score high on measures of openness to experience may be more likely to perceive ambiguous stimuli as novel or interesting, while those who score low on this trait may be more likely to perceive such stimuli as threatening or confusing.	Personality  emotions
Morally Self-Conscious	morals
traits  memory  perception  Gestalt cognitive
power dominance submission social hierarchy  are a set of mental and behavioral traits and systems that are believed to be present in people.  These traits can be measured in many different ways and are often the basis for the theory of personality.  The most common way to measure personality is by using the Big Five personality traits, which are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. These traits are also known as the OCEAN model.
Personality is a complex thing. It can be difficult to know what your personality type is because it is not just based on your emotions, but also on your memories, perception, cognitive ability, and social hierarchy.  A person's personality type is affected by their dominant emotion, which is the most prominent and dominant emotion in their personality. The dominant emotion in one's personality can also be indicative of their submissive or dominant trait.  Personality traits are also key in figuring out what your personality type is. There are many different types of personality traits that can determine what your personality type is.  One of these different types of personality traits is cognitive dominance. Cognitive dominance refers to how much a person's cognition influences their behavior.  They may be more likely to act on impulse or follow their gut feeling because they are not thinking as much as they are feeling or following their emotions.
Personality traits and perception are two important psychological constructs that have been studied extensively in the field of psychology. Personality traits refer to the enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual, while perception refers to the process of interpreting sensory information from the environment. The relationship between Personality traits and perception has been explored by researchers in various ways, and there is evidence to suggest that personality traits can influence how individuals perceive the world around them. Research has shown that personality traits can affect perception in several ways. For example, individuals who score high on measures of extraversion tend to be more sensitive to social cues and are more likely to perceive positive emotions in others. Finally, personality traits can also influence perception through their effects on attentional processes. Attentional processes refer to the ability to selectively attend to certain aspects of the environment while ignoring others. Individuals who score high on measures of conscientiousness, for example, may be better able to focus their attention on important tasks and ignore distractions, while those who score low on this trait may be more easily distracted by irrelevant information.
Personality traits and motivation are closely related, as personality traits can influence an individual’s level of motivation. Personality traits refer to the habitual patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual. Motivation, on the other hand, refers to the driving force behind an individual’s behavior or actions. . Another example is the relationship between extraversion and motivation. Extraverts tend to be more motivated by social interaction and external rewards, while introverts may be more motivated by internal factors such as personal growth and development.	Research has shown that certain personality traits are associated with different types of motivation. For example, individuals who score high in conscientiousness tend to be more self-motivated and driven to achieve their goals. They are also more likely to be motivated by intrinsic factors such as personal satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment. In contrast, individuals who score high in neuroticism may be more motivated by external factors such as rewards or recognition
Personality traits and cognitive abilities are two distinct constructs that have been studied extensively in psychology. Personality traits refer to stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual across time and situations. On the other hand, cognitive abilities refer to mental processes such as attention, memory, perception, reasoning, and problem-solving. Other studies have found that there is a general factor of intelligence (often referred to as "g" factor) that underlies all cognitive abilities. This g factor has been found to be positively correlated with some personality traits such as openness to experience and negatively correlated with others such as neuroticism. Overall, the relationship between personality traits and cognitive abilities is complex and multifaceted. While there is some evidence for specific associations between certain personality traits and cognitive abilities, there is also evidence for a more general association between intelligence and some personality traits.	There is a growing body of research that suggests that personality traits and cognitive abilities are related but distinct constructs. Some studies have found that certain personality traits are associated with specific cognitive abilities. For example, openness to experience has been linked to creativity and divergent thinking, while conscientiousness has been linked to better performance on tasks requiring sustained attention and working memory.
Attachment theory is a psychological theory that explains how individuals form and maintain emotional bonds with others, particularly in early childhood. This theory suggests that the quality of these early attachment experiences can have a lasting impact on an individual's personality development and overall well-being. Research has shown that attachment styles are correlated with various aspects of personality, including emotional regulation, interpersonal relationships, and coping strategies. Here are some ways in which attachment theory is correlated with personality: 1. Emotional regulation: Individuals with secure attachment styles tend to have better emotional regulation skills than those with insecure attachment styles. This is because secure attachment provides a safe and supportive environment for children to learn how to regulate their emotions. In contrast, insecure attachment can lead to difficulties in emotion regulation, such as impulsivity or emotional detachment. 2. Interpersonal relationships: Attachment styles can also shape an individual's interpersonal relationships throughout their life. Those with secure attachment styles tend to have more positive and fulfilling relationships, while those with insecure attachment styles may struggle with trust, intimacy, and communication. 3. Coping strategies: Attachment styles can also influence an individual's coping strategies when faced with stress or adversity. For example, individuals with secure attachment styles may be more likely to seek support from others when facing challenges, while those with insecure attachment styles may be more likely to avoid or deny their problems. By	Personality traits and emotions are closely related and often interact with each other. Personality traits refer to the stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual over time and across different situations. Emotions, on the other hand, are brief, intense, and specific reactions to a particular stimulus or situation. Research has shown that certain personality traits are associated with specific emotional experiences. For example, individuals who score high on the trait of neuroticism tend to experience more negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, and anger. Individuals who score high on extraversion tend to experience more positive emotions such as happiness, enthusiasm, and excitement. The relationship between personality traits and emotions is complex and multifaceted. Some personality traits may influence the intensity or frequency of emotional experiences, while others may influence how individuals respond to emotional stimuli or regulate their emotions.
Authoritative References  DeYoung, C. G. (2015). Cybernetic Big Five Theory. Journal of Personality, 83(2), 121-149.  DeYoung, C. G., Hirsh, J. B., Shane, M. S., Papademetris, X., Rajeevan, N., & Gray, J. R. (2010). Testing predictions from personality neuroscience: Brain structure and the Big Five. Psychological Science, 21(6), 820-828.  Costa Jr, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.	Authoritative References   Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. Fraley, R. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2019). The development of adult attachment styles: Four lessons. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 26-30.
1997
Personality Trait Structure as a Human Universal	McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T. Jr	https://zenodo.org/record/1231466#.Y-2Kij2IbiY	Patterns of covariation among personality traits in English-speaking populations can be summarized by the five-factor model (FFM). To assess the cross-cultural generalizability of the FFM, data from studies using 6 translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (P.T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) were compared with the American factor structure. German, Portuguese, Hebrew, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese samples (N = 7,134) showed similar structures after varimax rotation of 5 factors. When targeted rotations were used, the American factor structure was closely reproduced, even at the level of secondary loadings. Because the samples studied represented highly diverse cultures with languages from 5 distinct language families, these data strongly suggest that personality trait structure is universal.
		Authoritative Sources  Ackerman, P.L., & Heggestad, E.D. (1997). Intelligence, Personality, and Interests: Evidence for Overlapping Traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121(2), 219-245. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.219 This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the relationship between intelligence, personality, and interests, and argues that there is substantial overlap between these constructs. Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2006). Personality and Intellectual Competence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. This book provides an overview of the research on the relationship between personality traits and cognitive abilities, and discusses the implications of this research for understanding individual differences in intellectual competence.	"Personality Traits and Perception" by Christopher J. Soto and Oliver P. John (2017) - This article provides an overview of research on the relationship between personality traits and perception, including the ways in which personality traits can influence attentional processes and cognitive biases. "Personality and Perception: A Review of the Literature" by Mark R. Leary and Jennifer P. Baumeister (2000) - This article provides a comprehensive review of research on the relationship between personality traits and perception, including studies that have examined the effects of individual traits such as extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience. "Personality Traits and Attentional Bias to Emotional Stimuli" by Jie Zhang et al. (2016) - This study examines the relationship between personality traits and attentional bias to emotional stimuli, finding that individuals who score high on measures of neuroticism are more likely to attend to negative emotional stimuli, while those who score high on measures of extraversion are more likely to attend to positive emotional stimuli.
		Authoritative sources   American Psychological Association (APA): The APA is a professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States. Their website provides a wealth of information on various topics related to psychology, including personality and emotion. The following link provides an overview of how personality traits relate to emotional experiences: https://www.apa.org/topics/personality/emotion Personality and Social Psychology Review: This academic journal publishes research articles on various topics related to personality and social psychology. The following article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the relationship between personality traits and emotions: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1088868310386542 Personality Neuroscience: This book provides an in-depth exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying personality traits and emotional experiences. The following chapter discusses how personality traits relate to emotional processing in the brain: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128041064000025	Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
		DeYoung, C.G. (2015). Cybernetic Big Five Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(1), 33-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000020 This article proposes a new theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between personality traits and cognitive abilities based on cybernetic principles.