Emotion Peer-reviewed Research Articles
Curated by Jesse Lee aka Oregonleatherboy
Anger is a repression of libido instead of sublimating Which turns into hostility hostility is the outward representation of that Anger anger if repressed turns into hostility. hostility turns into rage due to inability to sublimate cathexis Rage is unfocused hostility turned hysterical influence Persuasion manipulation related by the goal of changing someone else's mind influence being the most innocent Influence respects a person opportunity to make the choice themselves persuasion uses more force can be positive or negative Just as influence allows the person to decide within context behavior religion and motivation influenced by persuasion manipulation negative influence on attitude of another person using coercive fabricated tactics To gain at the expense of others over or under exposure to stimuli and conditioning develop attitude not change attitude is our perspective about the people and things in our reality The human relationship with the people and things around are ever changing based on new dynamics, constantly in flux influence is a factor of our existence just by observing persuasion also naturally occurring being that humans are social creatures persuasion allows us to make our own choice we can take personal responsibility manipulation takes the choice away using exploitation with aggressive intent using tactics which produce harm positive reinforcement seems healthy enough, depending on purpose of action Over Praising giving sympathy apologizing for every little thing Pouring attention on love feeding happiness feigning happiness money gifts lavish trips a lot of this early honeymoon period Predators are a quick learner gaining access to the window of a victim vulnerabilities the person who is manipulating can also be a member of our family or someone we have known our entire life folks with prior access to weakness already engaging in negative reinforcement punishment, or removing previous gifts intermittent partial reinforcement constantly in fear of being in trouble like when you're a teenager and you're afraid of being grounded all the time except as an adult. traumatic one trial learning experiencing shocking verbal abuse Explosive anger beat down only has to happen one time to cause you to fear that situation or person These activities run the gamut of simple things like nagging silent treatment. bullying with intimidation blackmail guilt trips. not always an offensive behavior playing the victim fake crying Forced laughs Using charm flattery and sex intelligence twisting conversations Instead of taking responsibility for actions acting innocent confused or raging with anger peer pressure is a form of manipulation AKA The bandwagon effect innate and environmental The conditions are behaviors and responses encoding vulnerabilities and motivations whether we learn to externalize or internalize our emotions internalizers are easily manipulated need to earn approval and acceptance Lack of assertiveness Lack of locus of control lack of self reliance ADHD blurry sense of selfidentity fear of expressing negative emotions like anger repressing into depression and anxiety disorders. externalizing through anger leads to hostility Bullying however, is short lived and in our youth whereas effects of it such as Machiavellianism and narcissism a personality who has learned to navigate life through manipulation of those around involves filling a hole in the personality that healthy people have avoided or fixed ID which oozes hedonic natural instincts and lives by the pleasure principle And without motivation to eat use the restroom and tell the people around us we love them whatever We live in society. Our super super ego restrains that instinct to pleasure all the time. Within that restraint, we either sublimate that energy into our goals and motivations in life. Or we repress it and just push it down inside. But it has to go somewhere. manipulation allows a person to sublimate an emotion at your expense momentarily | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Active transport theory Green and Brock Transportation imagery model A personal narrative compellingly expresses emotions and attitudes that persuade through emotional contagion on The receiver of story emphasizes and experiences narrative transportation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Attribution theory Dispositional attribution Convincing somebody with internal validation of self Traits abilities motives and dispositions Situational attribution Refers to an external attribution usually the context around the person or the factors involved Another fallacy with attributional theory is if a person only uses dispositional attributions and no situational This is why we use situational attribution for a bad things and dispositional attribution to convince other people of how good we are | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
behavior changes theory Taxonomy of behavior change interventions AKA persuasive tactics or causes for learning experience Number one positive and negative consequences number two offering removing incentives number three offering removing threats punishment number four distractions number 5 changing exposure to cues triggers for behaviors number six prompting cues number seven goal setting number 8 increase the Italians how would you number nine self monitoring of behavior and outcome of behavior number 10 mental rehearsal of successful performance planning number 11 self-talk number 12 focus on past success number 13 comparison of outcomes via persuasive argument number 14 comparison of outcomes via persuasive argument number 12 focus on half success number 14 pros cons and comparative imaging of future number 15 identification of self as role model number 16 South affirmation number 17 reframing number 18 cognitive dissonance number 19 reattribution number 20 increasing salience of anti-seeds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Functional attitudes theory Four functional models in which which aligning with the proper communication create opportunity for persuasion Number one adjustment function opportunity to increase internal rewards minimizing costs Number two ego function used as a defense for the ego a person's self-worth is derived from maintaining a certain image and the function permits reality aligning up with that image Number three value expressive function this function is when a person self-worth is derived from maintaining a certain self-concept or image and this function resolves that conflict or self-image Number four knowledge function persuading to adapt for internal knowledge and self-preservation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Social judgment theory Presentation of information requires an unintentional sorting of that information in our subconscious the latitude or conscious latitude or anchor point When presented with a persuasive proposal we have an anchor point The anchor point is our original opinion and compared to the opinion of whatever information were presented with The anchor point is the center of the latitude there's a latitude of acceptance and non-commitment Prince the third option is the latitude of rejection This theory allows for tactic in learning the latitudes and and using appropriate tactics Continual suggestions which are close to the latitude of acceptance bring it closer t the anchor party Suggestions within other two latitudes do not have same effect | The elaboration likelihood model Persuasion has two methods of implementation one being the central route this is where the person themself evaluates situation based on the pros and cons the second is the peripheral route where you see something better on the horizon or something's wrong so you make a change to thatp States that the more likely the option is to be desirable the more likely it is to persuade the person | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Conditioning theories Advertisements use conditioning theory in that same logos colors and brands evoke emotion of happiness | Cognitive dissonance theory one group of people and paid them $20 to do an extremely boring task for an hour paid another group of people $1 to do the same extremely boring task for an hour afterwards the people had to convince the next group who were coming in that it was worth it the group that got paid $1 did a better job at convincing the next person how great the job was for a dollar due to cognitive dissonance in their mind they made the event seem like a better event than it was so that they didn't have disharmony in their head Festinger and Carl Smith 1959 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Emotion Anatomy | |||
Amygdala contribution to selective dimensions of emotion | Gary G. Berntson, Antoine Bechara, [...], and John T. Cacioppo | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2293306/?report=reader | Abstract The amygdala has been implicated in emotional processes, although the precise nature of the emotional deficits following amygdala lesions remains to be fully elucidated. Cognitive disturbances in the perception, recognition or memory of emotional stimuli have been suggested by some, whereas others have proposed changes in emotional arousa |
Anticipatory affect: neural correlates and consequences for choice | Brian Knutson and Stephanie M Greer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607363/?report=reader | ABSTRACT ‘Anticipatory affect’ refers to emotional states that people experience while anticipating significant outcomes. Historically, technical limitations have made it difficult to determine whether anticipatory affect influences subsequent choice. |
A Neural Computational Model of Incentive Salience | Jun Zhang, Kent C. Berridge, [...], and J. Wayne Aldridge | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2703828/?report=reader | Abstract Incentive salience is a motivational property with ‘magnet-like’ qualities. When attributed to reward-predicting stimuli (cues), incentive salience triggers a pulse of ‘wanting’ and an individual is pulled toward the cues and reward |
Central amygdala circuits in valence and salience processing | Mi-Seon Konga Larry S.Zweifelab | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113355 | Abstract Behavioral responses to environmental stimuli are dictated by the affective valence of the stimulus, good (positive valence) or bad (negative valence). These stimuli can innately elicit an affective response that promotes approach or avoidance behavior. In addition to innately valenced stimuli, valence can also be assigned to initially neutral stimuli through associative learning. A stimulus of a given valence can vary in salience depending on the strength of the stimulus, the underlying state of the animal, and the context of the stimulus presentation. Salience endows the stimulus with the ability to direct attention and elicit preparatory responses to mount an incentive-based motivated behavior. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) has emerged as an early integration point for valence and salience detection to engage preparatory autonomic responses and behavioral posturing in response to both aversive and appetitive stimuli. There are numerous cell types in the CeA that are involved in valence and salience processing through a variety of connections, and we will review the recent progress that has been made in identifying these circuit elements and their roles in these processes. |
Anger Style, Psychopathology, and Regional Brain Activity | Jennifer L. Stewart, Rebecca L. Levin, [...], and Gregory A. Miller | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047003/?report=reader | Abstract Depression and anxiety often involve high levels of trait anger and disturbances in anger expression. Reported anger experience and outward anger expression have recently been associated with left-biased asymmetry of frontal cortical activity, assumed to reflect approach motivation. |
Beyond Emotion Regulation Emotion Utilization and Adaptive Functioning | Carroll Izard, Kevin Stark, [...], and David Schultz | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2742323/?report=reader | Abstract Recent research indicates that emotionality, emotion information processing, emotion knowledge, and discrete emotion experiences may influence and interact with emotion utilization, that is, the effective use of the inherently adaptive and motivational functions of emotions. |
Cognitive Control Mechanisms, Emotion & Memory: A neural perspective with implications for psychopathology | Marie T. Banich, Kristen L. Mackiewicz, [...], and Wendy Heller | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865433/?report=reader | Abstract In this paper we provide a focused review of the literature examining neural mechanisms involved in cognitive control over memory processes that can influence, and in turn are influenced, by emotional processes. |
Developmental neurobiology of cognitive control and motivational systems | Leah H. Somerville and BJ Casey | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014528/?report=reader | Abstract One form of cognitive control is the ability to resist temptation in favor of long-term goal-oriented behavior |
Emotional foundations of cognitive control | Michael Inzlicht, Bruce D. Bartholow, and Jacob B. Hirsh | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4348332/ | Abstract Often seen as the paragon of higher cognition, here we suggest that cognitive control is dependent on emotion. Rather than asking whether control is influenced by emotion, we ask whether control itself can be understood as an emotional process |
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN EMOTION A View Through Fear | Joseph E. LeDoux | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3600914/?report=reader | Abstract Basic tendencies to detect and respond to significant events are present in the simplest single cell organisms, and persist throughout all invertebrates and vertebrates. Within vertebrates, the overall brain plan is highly conserved, though differences in size and complexity also exist. The forebrain differs the most between mammals and other vertebrates. The classic notion that the evolution of mammals led to radical changes such that new forebrain structures (limbic system and neocortex) were added has not held up, nor has the idea that so-called limbic areas are primarily involved in emotion. Modern efforts have focused on specific emotion systems, like the fear or defense system, rather than on the search for a general purpose emotion systems. Such studies have found that fear circuits are conserved in mammals, including humans. Animal work has been especially successful in determining how the brain detects and responds to danger. Caution should be exercised when attempting to discuss other aspects of emotion, namely subjective feelings, in animals since there are no scientific ways of verifying and measuring such states except in humans. |
Dissociable prefrontal brain systems for attention and emotion | Hiroshi Yamasaki, Kevin S. LaBar, and Gregory McCarthy | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123276/?report=reader | ABSTRACT The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a variety of attentional, executive, and mnemonic mental operations, yet its functional organization is still highly debated. |
Dissociable Systems for Gain- and Loss-Related Value Predictions and Errors of Prediction in the Human Brain | Juliana Yacubian, Jan Gläscher, [...], and Christian Büchel | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6674602/?report=reader | Abstract Midbrain dopaminergic neurons projecting to the ventral striatum code for reward magnitude and probability during reward anticipation and then indicate the difference between actual and predicted outcome. It has been questioned whether such a common system for the prediction and evaluation of reward exists in humans |
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex | C. Daniel Salzman and Stefano Fusi | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108339/ | Abstract Neuroscientists have often described cognition and emotion as separable processes implemented by different regions of the brain, such as the amygdala for emotion and the prefrontal cortex for cognition. |
Emotional foundations of cognitive control | Michael Inzlicht, Bruce D. Bartholow, and Jacob B. Hirsh | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4348332/ | Abstract Often seen as the paragon of higher cognition, here we suggest that cognitive control is dependent on emotion. Rather than asking whether control is influenced by emotion, we ask whether control itself can be understood as an emotional process. Reviewing converging evidence from cybernetics, animal research, cognitive neuroscience, and social and personality psychology, we suggest that cognitive control is initiated when goal conflicts evoke phasic changes to emotional primitives that both focus attention on the presence of goal conflicts and energize conflict resolution to support goal-directed behavior. Critically, we propose that emotion is not an inert byproduct of conflict but is instrumental in recruiting control. Appreciating the emotional foundations of control leads to testable predictions that can spur future research. Keywords: cognitive control, emotion, anterior cingulate cortex, anxiety, motivation |
Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation | David H. Zald and José V. Pardo | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20578/?report=reader | ABSTRACT Electrophysiologic and lesion studies of animals increasingly implicate the amygdala in aspects of emotional processing. Yet, the functions of the human amygdala remain poorly understood. To examine the contributions of the amygdala and other limbic and paralimbic regions to emotional processing, we exposed healthy subjects to aversive olfactory stimuli while measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with positron emission tomography. Exposure to a highly aversive odorant produced strong rCBF increases in both amygdalae and in the left orbitofrontal cortex. Exposure to less aversive odorants produced rCBF increases in the orbitofrontal cortex but not in the amygdala. Change of rCBF within the left amygdala and the left OFC was highly intercorrelated, indicating a strong functional interaction between these brain regions. Furthermore, the activity within the left amygdala was associated significantly with subjective ratings of perceived aversiveness. These findings provide evidence that the human amygdala participates in the hedonic or emotional processing of olfactory stimuli. Keywords: positron emission tomography, orbitofrontal, brain blood flow, brain mapping, affect |
Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection | Mark R. Leary, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734881/ | Abstract A great deal of human emotion arises in response to real, anticipated, remembered, or imagined rejection by other people. Because acceptance by other people improved evolutionary fitness, human beings developed biopsychological mechanisms to apprise them of threats to acceptance and belonging, along with emotional systems to deal with threats to acceptance. This article examines seven emotions that often arise when people perceive that their relational value to other people is low or in potential jeopardy, including hurt feelings, jealousy, loneliness, shame, guilt, social anxiety, and embarrassment. Other emotions, such as sadness and anger, may occur during rejection episodes, but are reactions to features of the situation other than low relational value. The article discusses the evolutionary functions of rejection-related emotions, neuroscience evidence regarding the brain regions that mediate reactions to rejection, and behavioral research from social, developmental, and clinical psychology regarding psychological and behavioral concomitants of interpersonal rejection. Keywords: anger, emotion, guilt, hurt feelings, interpersonal rejection, jealousy, loneliness, shame, social anxiety |
Emotion Theory and Research: Highlights, Unanswered Questions, and Emerging Issues | Carroll E. Izard | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723854/ | Abstract Emotion feeling is a phase of neurobiological activity, the key component of emotions and emotion-cognition interactions. Emotion schemas, the most frequently occurring emotion experiences, are dynamic emotion-cognition interactions that may consist of momentary/ situational responding or enduring traits of personality that emerge over developmental time. |
Emotion Fingerprints or Emotion Populations? A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Autonomic Features of Emotion Categories | Erika H. Siegel, Molly K. Sands, [...], and Lisa Feldman Barrett | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5876074/?report=reader | Abstract The classical view of emotion hypothesizes that certain emotion categories have a specific autonomic nervous system (ANS) “fingerprint” that is distinct from others categories. |
Emotion, emotion regulation and sleep: An intimate relationship | Marie Vandekerckhove and Yu-lin Wang | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7181893/ | Abstract In recent years, research has witnessed an increasing interest in the bidirectional relationship between emotion and sleep. Sleep seems important for restoring daily functioning, whereas deprivation of sleep makes us more emotionally aroused and sensitive to stressful stimuli and events. |
Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex | Amit Etkin, MD, PhD, Tobias Egner, PhD, and Raffael Kalisch, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035157/?report=reader | Abstract Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. |
Feelings or Words? Understanding the Content in Self-Report Ratings of Experienced Emotion | Lisa Feldman Barrett | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1351136/?report=reader | Abstract People differ in the extent to which their verbal reports of experienced emotion are valence focused or arousal focused |
Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies | Paolo Fusar-Poli, MD, Anna Placentino, MD, [...], and Pierluigi Politi, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783433/?report=reader | Abstract Background Most of our social interactions involve perception of emotional information from the faces of other people. Furthermore, such emotional processes are thought to be aberrant in a range of clinical disorders, including psychosis and depression. However, the exact neurofunctional maps underlying emotional facial processing are not well defined. |
Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: A synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion | Kevin N. Ochsner, Jennifer A. Silvers, and Jason T. Buhle | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4133790/?report=reader | Abstract This paper reviews and synthesizes functional imaging research that over the past decade has begun to offer new insights into the brain mechanisms underlying emotion regulation |
How is visual salience computed in the brain? Insights from behaviour, neurobiology and modelling | Richard Veale, Ziad M. Hafed and Masatoshi Yoshida Published:19 February 2017 | https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2016.0113 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0113 | Abstract Inherent in visual scene analysis is a bottleneck associated with the need to sequentially sample locations with foveating eye movements. The concept of a ‘saliency map’ topographically encoding stimulus conspicuity over the visual scene has proven to be an efficient predictor of eye movements |
Human Fear Conditioning and Extinction in Neuroimaging: A Systematic Review | Christina Sehlmeyer, Sonja Schöning, [...], and Carsten Konrad | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2692002/?report=reader | Abstract Fear conditioning and extinction are basic forms of associative learning that have gained considerable clinical relevance in enhancing our understanding of anxiety disorders and facilitating their treatment. Modern neuroimaging techniques have significantly aided the identification of anatomical structures and networks involved in fear conditioning. On closer inspection, there is considerable variation in methodology and results between studies. |
Incentive-Elicited Brain Activation in Adolescents: Similarities and Differences from Young Adults | James M. Bjork, Brian Knutson, [...], and Daniel W. Hommer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6730402/?report=reader | Abstract Brain motivational circuitry in human adolescence is poorly characterized. One theory holds that risky behavior in adolescence results in part from a relatively overactive ventral striatal (VS) motivational circuit that readily energizes approach toward salient appetitive cues. |
Interoceptive Sensitivity and Self-Reports of Emotional Experience | Lisa Feldman Barrett, Karen S. Quigley, [...], and Keith R. Aronson | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1224728/?report=reader | Abstract People differ in the extent to which they emphasize feelings of activation or deactivation in their verbal reports of experienced emotion, termed arousal focus (AF). |
Is Avoiding an Aversive Outcome Rewarding? Neural Substrates of Avoidance Learning in the Human Brain | Hackjin Kim, Shinsuke Shimojo, and John P O'Doherty | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1484497/?report=reader | Abstract Avoidance learning poses a challenge for reinforcement-based theories of instrumental conditioning, because once an aversive outcome is successfully avoided an individual may no longer experience extrinsic reinforcement for their behavior. |
Meditation and the Brain: Attention, Control and Emotion | ** Gabriel José Corrêa Mograbi | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115297/ | Abstract Meditation has been for long time avoided as a scientific theme because of its complexity and its religious connotations. Fortunately, in the last years, it has increasingly been studied within different neuroscientific experimental protocols. |
Modulating the processing of emotional stimuli by cognitive demand | Tanja S. Kellermann, Melanie A. Sternkopf, [...], and Simon B. Eickhoff | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3304476/?report=reader | Abstract Emotional processing is influenced by cognitive processes and vice versa, indicating a profound interaction of these domains. The investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying this interaction is not only highly relevant for understanding the organization of human brain function |
Neuronal activity and its links with the perception of multi-stable figures. | Andrew J Parker, Kristine Krug, and Bruce G Cumming | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693012/ | ABSTRACT In order to isolate the neuronal activity that relates to the making of perceptual decisions, we have made use of a perceptually ambiguous motion stimulus. This stimulus lies on the boundary between two perceptual categories that correspond to clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation of a three-dimensional figure. |
Neural circuits responsible for conscious self-control are highly vulnerable to even mild stress. When they shut down, primal impulses go unchecked and mental paralysis sets in | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4774859/ | Amy Arnsten, Carolyn M. Mazure, and Rajita Sinha Additional article information Abstract The entrance exam to medical school consists of a five-hour fusillade of hundreds of questions that, even with the best preparation, often leaves the test taker discombobulated and anxious. | |
Neural correlates of admiration and compassion | Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, Andrea McColl, [...], and Antonio Damasio | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670880/?report=reader | ABSTRACT In an fMRI experiment, participants were exposed to narratives based on true stories designed to evoke admiration and compassion in 4 distinct categories: admiration for virtue (AV), admiration for skill (AS), compassion for social/psychological pain (CSP), and compassion for physical pain (CPP). |
Neural correlates of rumination in depression | Rebecca E. Cooney, Jutta Joormann, [...], and Ian H. Gotlib | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4476645/?report=reader | Abstract Rumination, or recursive self-focused thinking, has important implications for understanding the development and maintenance of depressive episodes. Rumination is associated with the worsening of negative mood states, greater affective responding to negative material, and increased access to negative memories. |
Physiological utility theory and the neuroeconomics of choice | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1502377/?report=reader | Abstract Over the past half century economists have responded to the challenges of Allais [Econometrica (1953) 53], Ellsberg [Quart. J. Econ. (1961) 643] and others raised to neoclassicism either by bounding the reach of economic theory or by turning to descriptive approaches. | |
Positive Affect Versus Reward: Emotional and Motivational Influences on Cognitive Control | Kimberly S. Chiew and Todd S. Braver | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196882/?report=reader | Abstract It is becoming increasingly appreciated that affective influences can contribute strongly to goal-oriented cognition and behavior. However, much work is still needed to properly characterize these influences and the mechanisms by which they contribute to cognitive processing. An important question concerns the nature of emotional manipulations (i.e., direct induction of affectively valenced subjective experience) versus motivational manipulations (e.g., delivery of performance-contingent rewards and punishments) and their impact on cognitive control. Empirical evidence suggests that both kinds of manipulations can influence cognitive control in a systematic fashion, but investigations of both have largely been conducted independently of one another. Likewise, some theoretical accounts suggest that emotion and motivation may modulate cognitive control via common neural mechanisms, while others suggest the possibility of dissociable influences. Here, we provide an analysis and synthesis of these various accounts, suggesting potentially fruitful new research directions to test competing hypotheses. Keywords: emotion, motivation, cognitive control, reward, dopamine |
Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation | Jeffrey M. Spielberg, Jennifer L. Stewart, [...], and Wendy Heller | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2889703/ | Abstract This article provides a selective review of the literature and current theories regarding the role of prefrontal cortex, along with some other critical brain regions, in emotion and motivation. |
RETHINKING THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN | Joseph LeDoux | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625946/?report=reader | Abstract I propose a re-conceptualization of key phenomena important in the study of emotion — those phenomena that reflect functions and circuits related to survival, and that are shared by humans and other animals. |
Reward-Dependent Modulation of Working Memory in Lateral Prefrontal Cortex | Steven W. Kennerley and Jonathan D. Wallis | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685205/?report=reader | Abstract Although research implicates lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in executive control and goal-directed behavior, it remains unclear how goals influence executive processes. |
States of mind: Emotions, body feelings, and thoughts share distributed neural networks | Suzanne Oosterwijk, Kristen A. Lindquist, [...], and Lisa Feldman Barrett | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453527/ | Abstract Scientists have traditionally assumed that different kinds of mental states (e.g., fear, disgust, love, memory, planning, concentration, etc.) correspond to different psychological faculties that have domain-specific correlates in the brain. |
Suppression of Emotional and Nonemotional Content in Memory Effects of Repetition on Cognitive Control | Brendan E. Depue, Marie T. Banich, and Tim Curran | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2878760/?report=reader | Abstract Two experiments utilized a think/no-think paradigm to examine whether cognitive control of memories differs depending on whether they contain information with negative or neutral emotional content. |
The Experience of Emotion | Lisa Feldman Barrett, Batja Mesquita, [...], and James J. Gross | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1934613/ | Abstract Experiences of emotion are content-rich events that emerge at the level of psychological description, but must be causally constituted by neurobiological processes. |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573739/ | The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory Chai M. Tyng, Hafeez U. Amin, [...], and Aamir S. Malik Additional article information Abstract Emotion has a substantial influence on the cognitive processes in humans, including perception, attention, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. Emotion has a particularly strong influence on attention, especially modulating the selectivity of attention as well as motivating action and behavior. | ||
The Mindful Brain and Emotion Regulation in Mood Disorders | Norman A. S. Farb, PhD, Adam K. Anderson, PhD, and Zindel V. Segal, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303604/ | Abstract Mindfulness involves nonjudgmental attention to present-moment experience. In its therapeutic forms, mindfulness interventions promote increased tolerance of negative affect and improved well being |
The role of left prefrontal cortex in language and memory | John D. E. Gabrieli, Russell A. Poldrack, and John E. Desmond | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33815/?report=reader | ABSTRACT This article reviews attempts to characterize the mental operations mediated by left inferior prefrontal cortex, especially the anterior and inferior portion of the gyrus, with the functional neuroimaging techniques of positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. |
The variable nature of cognitive control: A dual-mechanisms framework | Todd S. Braver | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3289517/?report=reader | Abstract A core component of cognitive control – the ability to regulate thoughts and actions in accordance with internally represented behavioral goals – might be its intrinsic variability. In this article, I describe the dual-mechanisms of control (DMC) framework, which postulates that this variability might arise from qualitative distinctions in temporal dynamics between proactive and reactive modes of control. Proactive control reflects the sustained and anticipatory maintenance of goal-relevant information within lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) to enable optimal cognitive performance, whereas reactive control reflects transient, stimulus-driven goal reactivation that recruits lateral PFC (plus a wider brain network) based on interference demands or episodic associations. I summarize recent research that demonstrates how the DMC framework provides a coherent explanation of three sources of cognitive control variation – intra-individual, inter-individual, and between-groups – in terms of proactive vs. reactive control biases |
Training the Emotional Brain: Improving Affective Control through Emotional Working Memory Training | Susanne Schweizer, Jessica Grahn, [...], and Tim Dalgleish | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6704999/ | Abstract Affective cognitive control capacity (e.g., the ability to regulate emotions or manipulate emotional material in the service of task goals) is associated with professional and interpersonal success. Impoverished affective control, by contrast, characterizes many neuropsychiatric disorders. |
Valence and salience contribute to nucleus accumbens activation | Jeffrey C. Cooper and Brian Knutson | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169259/ | Abstract Different accounts of nucleus accumbens (NAcc) function have emphasized its role in representing either valence or salience during incentive anticipation. In an event-related FMRI experiment, we independently manipulated valence and salience by cuing participants to anticipate certain and uncertain monetary gains and losses. |
What is an emotion? | Ralph Adolphs, Leonard Mlodinow, and Lisa Feldman Barrett | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7749626/ | In 1884, William James, the American psychologist, famously posed the question: what is an emotion? |
Positive Emotions | |||
Positive Emotions Speed Recovery from the Cardiovascular Sequelae of Negative Emotions | Barbara L. Fredrickson and Robert W. Levenson | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156608/?report=reader | Abstract Two studies tested the hypothesis that certain positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. In Study 1, 60 subjects (Ss) viewed an initial fear-eliciting film, and were randomly assigned to view a secondary film that elicited: (a) contentment; (b) amusement; (c) neutrality; or (d) sadness. Compared to Ss who viewed the neutral and sad secondary films, those who viewed the positive films exhibited more rapid returns to pre-film levels of cardiovascular activation. In Study 2, 72 Ss viewed a film known to elicit sadness. Fifty Ss spontaneously smiled at least once while viewing this film. Compared to Ss who did not smile, those who smiled exhibited more rapid returns to pre-film levels of cardiovascular activation. We discuss these findings in terms of emotion theory and possible health-promoting functions of positive emotions. |
The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions | Barbara L. Fredrickson, Roberta A. Mancuso, [...], and Michele M. Tugade | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128334/?report=reader | Abstract Positive emotions are hypothesized to undo the cardiovascular aftereffects of negative emotions. Study 1 tests this undoing effect. Participants (n = 170) experiencing anxiety-induced cardiovascular reactivity viewed a film that elicited (a) contentment, (b) amusement, (c) neutrality, or (d) sadness. Contentment-eliciting and amusing films produced faster cardiovascular recovery than neutral or sad films did. Participants in Study 2 (n = 185) viewed these same films following a neutral state. Results disconfirm the alternative explanation that the undoing effect reflects a simple replacement process. Findings are contextualized by Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (B. L. Fredrickson, 1998). |
What Good Are Positive Emotions? | Barbara L. Fredrickson | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156001/?report=reader | Abstract This article opens by noting that positive emotions do not fit existing models of emotions. Consequently, a new model is advanced to describe the form and function of a subset of positive emotions, including joy, interest, contentment, and love. This new model posits that these positive emotions serve to broaden an individual’s momentary thought–action repertoire, which in turn has the effect of building that individual’s physical, intellectual, and social resources. Empirical evidence to support this broaden-and-build model of positive emotions is reviewed, and implications for emotion regulation and health promotion are discussed. |
